"除毛"

"Close Shave"

身體上的皮膚光滑柔順赤裸又沒有瑕疵

不過靠近一點觀察滑順的皮膚只是表面

我們完美的裸體馬上化為幻影

The body

sleek, smooth,

naked, perfect.

Skin.

But go in closer

and the smoothness becomes relative.

Our nakedness is an illusion.

我們每一吋肌膚上面都長滿了體毛

其實我們體毛的數量跟原始祖先一模一樣

他們用又厚又長的體毛包覆空氣,以保護身體

Hairs sprout from almost every inch of our skin.

In fact we have as many body hairs as our fellow primates,

whose long thick hair

insulates their bodies by trapping air.

我們的體毛變短變細也不再能保護身體所以有些人會除毛讓皮膚看起來完美柔順

As our hair has grown shorter and finer

it no longer serves this function.

So some of us shave

to make our skin appear to be perfectly smooth.

不過透過顯微鏡一看這些完美的畫面就被打破了

再怎麼光滑的肌膚在放大3千倍之後

看起來都是好幾層堅硬的細胞屍體

But in microscopic close up

this illusion is shattered.

Even the smoothest skin,

at 3000 times normal magnification

appears as layers of hard, dead cells.

從皮膚表面上0.5公釐的距離觀察

不管再怎麼小心地除毛都會留下許多參差的毛渣

刮除毛髮時,並不會感覺疼痛

因為這些毛髮本來就已經死亡

Rising half a millimetre from the surface of the skin,

even the closest shave leaves a forest of jagged stubble.

We feel no pain when we slice through these hairs,

because the protruding hair itself is dead.

若直接把毛髮拔掉就會感到明顯的痛楚

因為毛髮的根部是活生生的毛囊

皮囊位於皮膚深處並與神經系統連接

Pluck the hair, rather than shave it,

and it's anything but painless

because below this protruding hair

is its living root,

embedded deep within the skin

and connected to our nervous system.

放大一萬倍之後毛髮也變得粗糙不平

現在來觀察每根毛髮上覆蓋的鱗狀表層

這些都是死細胞

上面充滿一種叫角質的硬化蛋白質

Magnify 10,000 times,

and even the hair itself looses its smoothness.

Now we begin to see how each individual hair

is covered with an armour of overlapping scales.

These are dead cells,

filled with a tough protein,

keratin.

角質讓毛髮變得強硬

所以我們用手撫過毛渣時就會覺得又硬又刺

毛髮每天都會變長至少0.3公釐

Keratin gives the hair strength

and that prickly sensation

as we run our hands over the stubble.

Hair grows at least a third of a millimetre everyday.

一般人都有錯誤的認知

刮毛其實不會加速毛髮成長

不過一旦開始除毛要停止這個習慣是很困難的

只是問題是為什麼我們要除毛?

And contrary to popular belief,

shaving won't make the hair grow faster,

but once begun,

it becomes a never ending chore.

The question is,

why did we ever start doing it in the first place?

"毛利人"

"The Maori"

紐西蘭的毛利族人大約有50萬

佔紐西蘭人口的15%

經過歐洲殖民者，200年的統治

他們的文化僥倖地保存下來

如今毛利人和白種人也就是當年歐洲殖民者的後代

是這片土地的共同主人

The many Maori tribes of New Zealand

make up fifteen percent of the population here,

some half a million people.

Their culture has survived two hundred years

of European colonisation now Maori and Pakeha'

the descendants of European settlers share this land.

毛利人中的大多數如今都在城市中生活

他們中的95%都是生活在紐西蘭的北島裡

大約在800年前毛利人的祖先乘坐獨木舟

從波利尼西亞群島經海路來到這裡

The majority of the Maori now live in cities,

and ninety-five percent of them can be found

on New Zealand's North Island.

The ancestors of the Maori

arrived from Polynesia on ocean going

canoes around 800 years ago.

他們找到了一個名為阿奧特亞羅瓦的地方

這個詞在毛利語的意思是綿綿白雲下的大地

在隨後的數百年間

他們開始探險

並逐步在這些島嶼上繁衍開來

最後這些來自熱帶氣候地區的人們

來到了寒冷的南阿爾卑斯山定居

They found 'Aotearoa'

the 'Land of the Long White Cloud'.

Over the next few hundred years

they explored and spread right across the islands.

So people from tropical climes eventually came to live

in the cold Southern Alps.

他們隨身攜帶了一些農作物和家畜

但很快地他們又學會開發當地的自然資源了

他們遇到了一些以前從未見過人類的動物

其中很多因被不斷獵殺而滅絕

Some crops and livestock were brought with them

but they soon learnt to exploit the local natural resources.

They encountered animals

who had never met humans before and many were

hunted to extinction.

大約200年前

歐洲探險家在庫克船長的帶領下

來到了此地

在1840年《懷唐伊條約》簽訂以後

這片島嶼上的土著居民

得到了其土地的所有權以及英國的公民權

然而經過隨後的連年戰事後

這裡的許多土地

又被殖民者從他們手中掠走

Europeans arrived with Captain Cook

around two hundred years ago.

In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed,

giving land rights and British citizenship to the native

but after the ensuing years of warfare,

many lands were taken from them.

在最近的幾年裡

有些地區已被重新交還給毛利人

而毛利人也成為當地社會

和紐西蘭政府的一個不可缺少的部分

我們準備進入一間傳統的部落房子

或稱為毛利會堂

去體驗有幾百年歷史的毛利族禮節

毛利會堂對外人的歡迎儀式以挑戰為序幕

In recent years

some areas have been given back

and the Maori are now an integral part of the society

and government of New Zealand.

To enter a traditional tribal house or Marae

is to experience ritual that is centuries old.

The wero challenge

is the first part of the welcoming ceremony.

毛利人打扮成凶惡的模樣

這樣的傳統起源於遠古時候

當時部落的內部爭鬥還很普遍

在那時，人與人之間的互信

必須要透過外在的行為表現出來

Its ferocious appearance dates back to a time

when inter-tribal conflict was common

and trust had to be demonstrated.

探訪者要拿起標槍以表示他們是和平到訪

毛利人會輕拍大腿表示「一切都清楚了」

按照傳統，每逢特殊慶典活動

The visitors pick up the dart

to show they come in peace;

The 'All-clear' is a thigh slap.

Clan groups traditionally get together at the marae

on special occasions.

各部落團體都會聚集在毛利會堂

部落裏的長者會受到其他人的尊敬

大家庭裏的成員通常都住在一起

祖父母們甚至會用古老的嘴對嘴餵養的方式

來幫助嬰孩斷奶

Elders are respected

and extended families often live together.

Grandparents may even help

wean infants using ancient mouth-feeding.

在紐西蘭北部的火山地區裡

毛利人很早以前就學會如何利用當地的地熱來泡溫泉浴

以及利用器具和蒸氣來煮食

In the volcanic North of New Zealand,

the Maori have long since learnet to exploit

the geo-thermal energy for bathing in hot springs

and steam-cooking over geysers.

幾百年以前

毛利人就開始在軟玉和木材上雕刻了

時至今日這些技藝依然被傳授著

這些經過精心製作的雕刻

模仿了紋身的面孔傳統的戰士舞蹈

以及許許多多的神祇和靈魂

The Maori have carved the nephrite greenstone

and native woods of New Zealand for centuries.

Today these skills are still taught.

The elaborate carvings mimic the tattooed faces

and traditional dances of the warriors,

and the many gods and spirits.

在過去，毛利人甚至被禁止說自己的語言

而現在祖母們都可以自由地

向她們的子孫傳授傳統的漂染,裁縫等技藝了

In the past,

Maoris were not even allowed to speak their own language,

but now grandmothers are free to teach traditional

methods of dyeing and making clothes amongst other skills.

在今天，曾受壓迫的毛利文化已開始重新復甦

有些基督教堂已被裝飾成毛利族式

毛利族的戰士舞

因為紐西蘭的全黑國家欖球隊而為世人所熟知

Today,

there is a rebirth of the once suppressed Maori culture.

Some Christian churches are decorated Maori style.

The Mori Haka has been made famous

by the national All Blacks Rugby team.

毛利人會告訴你這其實是一首相當粗野的歌曲

但這表明如今所有紐西蘭人

都已認同毛利民族的悠久傳統了

Many Maoris will tell you its actually quite a rude song,

but it does show that today

that all New Zealanders identify with Maori heritage.

這些跳舞的人是高中學生

他們在跳舞和唱歌的過程中

學習他們的文化傳統

印在他們臉上的標記已不再是永久的紋身了

但它們仍是對過去歷史的一種生動回憶

These dancers are high school students

learning about their cultural heitage as they dance and sing.

The marks on their faces are no longer permanent

tattos but they are a vivid reminder of the past.

"蒙古"

"The Mongols"

蒙古

Mongolia ...

據我們所知

它曾是世界上疆域最遼闊的一個陸地帝國

這裡有圓頂的帳篷和極端嚴酷的氣候

once the largest land empire ever known

shelters and existence of extremes.

在這貧瘠的大草原上平均每隔1,500多米

就孕育著一個堅韌不拔講求實際的遊牧民族

他們是蒙古人

他們征服了地球上最荒涼最冷酷無情的自然環境

This barren steppe averaging over fifteen hundred metres

has bred a stoic and practical nation of nomadic herders -

the Mongols.

They have mastered one of the harshest

and unforgiving environments on earth.

在這片面積相當於整個西歐大小的草原上

居住著一百多萬的遊牧者

至今他們仍在這遼闊的草原上擇草而棲

The size of western europe

over 1 million nomads

still drift these vast plains.

蒙古大草原地勢高,氣候乾燥

遊牧者就住在這到處可見的白色帳篷裡

蒙古包

在漫長的寒冬季節裏,當氣溫下降到零下50度時

它正是非常理想的避難所

The Mongolian steppes are high and dry.

Home for the nomads are these ubiquitous white tents

the gers.

The perfect shelter in the depths of long winter

when it can drop to minus fifty degrees.

蒙古人的生活重心

必須完全滿足牲畜的需求及適應牠們生活周期的變化

另外,這些牲畜亦可當作交通工具

只不過在這之前

你得先捕獲牠們並施以訓練

Mongols lives are dominated by the needs

and lifecycles of their animals.

Amongst other things they provide transport

but you've got to catch and train them first.

為了驅趕牧群至新鮮的牧草地

蒙古包必須定期打包

The gers are regularly packed away in order to take

their herds to fresh pasture.

馬是主要的交通工具

而駱駝則用來載運重物

一年當中像這樣的遷徙行動,至少必須重複十次以上

Horses are the main form of transport

but camels provide the heavy lifting

and this they must do up to ten times a year.

這些設計精巧的帳篷

可在一小時內順利完成拆裝

帳篷的結構非常堅固,卻很輕便

這很重要

因為你只能使用你帶得走的東西

These ingenious shelters can be dismantled or set up

in less than an hour

The structure is strong,

yet light ...

important as you can only use what you can carry.

蒙古包隨時歡迎你的光臨

甚至連敲門的動作都不需要

慇勤待客是蒙古人生活中不可或缺的一部分

蒙古包的其中一側

永遠都會保留給突然而來的訪客

Anyone is welcomed to a Mongol's ger,

you don't even have to knock.

Hospitality is a key part of life

and one side of the ger is kept free

for unexpected visitors.

公元13世紀時

散居在高原地區的各遊牧部落

在鐵木真的號召下第一次聯合起來

一同追隨他去征服新的疆土

In the 13th century the bands of disparate

nomads that scattered the high steppe

were united for the first time

by a warrior called Temujin

in his quest to conquer new territory.

一連串的勝利讓他變成一位傳奇人物

而鐵木真也被加冕為王,尊稱為成吉思汗或宇宙之王

憑著用兵如神和驚人的速度

這支勇敢且殘酷大軍的鐵蹄

橫掃了亞洲大陸,甚至長驅直入歐洲內陸

His successes became and Temujin

as crowned Genghis Khan or universal king.

With military precision

and awesome speed this brave

and brutal army rode in battle across Asia

and into Europe,

創建一個有史以來,疆域最遼闊的陸地帝國

帝國版圖東起自朝鮮半島,一路延伸至匈牙利

他們用成吉思汗宗族的名字,來為新生帝國命名

它就是-蒙古大帝國

creating the largest land empire ever known,

stretching from Korea all the way to Hungary.

And they adopted Genghis' clan name as their own -

The Monggal or Mongals.

馬是遊牧民族生活的重心

牠們可當做交通工具,燃料和食物

在夏季,牠甚至還可以是乳製品的來源

母馬的乳汁經過發酵後可製成日常的營養飲料

也可以和乳酪與奶油一起攪拌

然後把它存放在羊胃裡以便捱過食物匱乏的冬季

The horse is central to the nomadic way of life ...

they provide transport,

fuel, meat

and during the summer months,

even dairy products.

Mare's milk is fermented into a nutritious

brew that is drunk daily ...

as well as being churned into cheese and butter

which is stored into sheep's stomachs

to last lean winter months.

綿羊和山羊肉是構成高脂肪飲食的基本來源

在這極端嚴酷的氣候下,它們是必不可少的食物

羊毛製成的保暖毛氈,可用它來覆蓋蒙古包

在這乾旱地區的生活法則就是別浪費任何東西

-即使是馬糞亦可當做帳篷烤爐的燃料

Sheep and goat meat form the basis of the high fat diet

necessary in this climate of extremes.

And the wool is used to make the warming felt

covering the gers.

The principl of life in this arid landscape

is to waste nothing

even horse dung is used to fuel gers' ven.

在較暖和的整個夏季裡

接連舉行的慶典或那達慕大會

是要頌揚逝去的英勇戰士們

人們用競賽的方式重新演繹成吉思汗大軍的古老技藝

包括箭術,騎馬和摔角等

傳統因而得以延續歡樂無處不在

這片遠離塵世的土地上

一個驕傲的民族永遠緊密地團結在一起

In celebration of their warrior past,

festivals or Nadaams

are held throughout the warmer summer months.

The ancient skills associated

with Genghis Khan's armies are re-enacted in competition,

archery, horse-riding

and wrestling.

Tradition is upheld and happiness abounds.

A proud nation

remains united throughout this isolated land.

“水”

“Water”

水是地球上美麗,強大而且對生命很重要的寶物

這個地球的寶物是我們生存所不可缺少的

它被人類小心地收藏看守與欣賞

地球表面有百分之七十五的面積是被水覆蓋著

它是地球上最重要的寶物

Water

beautiful,

powerful and crucial to life on Earth.

the earthly treasure

that we cannot live without,

carefully collected,

guarded and savoured by small and large alike.

75% of our planet's surface is covered by water

the greatest of Earthly treasures.

在兩極嚴寒的地區

水結成了冰成為一種景色

至於在其它地方水形成了海洋

在這個液體的世界裡有各種不同的生命形態

At the poles where temperatures plummet

this water freezes and becomes the landscape.

Elsewhere water forms great oceans.

Trapped in this liquid world

are a myriad of different life forms

從微小的 到大至無法想像的

它們都依賴著海洋中的水 來獲取氧氣

並在這個錯綜複雜 的生物網中

互相提供食物

from the microscopic to the impossibly large

all dependent on the oceans' water for oxygen

and each providing another

with food in an intricate web of life.

從海洋裡來的水給陸地帶來了生命

水從海的表面蒸發

然後在天空中凝結成微小的水滴

也就是雲

From the oceans come

the water that gives life on land.

Water evaporates from the sea surface

and condenses into tiny droplets in the sky as clouds.

但是雲並不經常將雨水落到陸地上

它們通常在太陽下蒸發掉了

令一些地方長期乾旱

But clouds don't always drop their water on land.

They often evaporate in the sun

leaving parts of the world dry

in places permanently.

水的存在與否主宰了陸地上的生命

它決定了動物該在哪裡以及如何生存

每年有幾百萬頭牛羚遷徙

它們橫過非洲大陸尋找季節性的雨水及草源

The absence or presence of water

governs life on land.

It determines where and how animals live.

Every year millions of wildebeest move across Africa

in pursuit of seasonal rains and the grass that they provide.

但是並不是所有的雨水都受歡迎的

水的力量無比巨大

一旦到了陸地它便開始了回到海洋的旅程

But falling rain is not always welcome

The power of water is immense.

Once on land,

it begins its journey back to the sea,

carving its way through the earth.

幾千年來河流造出了巨大的瀑布

雕刻出美好的景色如大峽谷

人體內百分之六十五是水

它是我們的絕對必需品

沒有水我們便不能生存

Over millennia

rivers have made huge waterfalls and sculpted landscapes

like the Grand Canyon.

65% of the human body is water.

It is our absolute necessity

we cannot live without it.

我們需要水來飲用洗澡及種植

我們花了很大的功夫

才使水能到達我們需要它的地方

水是生命的贈與者

所有的生命都需要它

它永遠是神聖的

We need it for drinking,

for bathing and to grow food.

And we have gone to great lengths

to get it to where we want it to be.

Water the giver of life

essential to all and forever sacred.

"舌頭"

"Tongue"

我們用它來交談

用它咀嚼清潔牙齒

用它辨別好吃或是難吃食物是甜還是酸的

它全部都由肌肉所組成那就是我們的舌頭

We use it to communicate,

to chew,

to clean our teeth,

to tell us what's good or bad,

sweet or sour, it's all muscle

it's our tongue.

當我們吃洋芋片時舌頭會進行複雜的感官偵測

舌頭會在口中翻動洋芋片感受它的質地

把所有尖銳的部分變得平滑最後下進行重要的吞咽動作

When we eat a crisp

our tongue performs a complex piece of sensory detective

The tongue rolls the crisp around in the mouth,

sensing its texture,

smoothing down any sharp edges

before participating in the crucial act of swallowing.

有時我們會想吃含鹽份的食物這是因為我們要保持體內

鹽分平衡的基本需要

在顯微鏡下洋芋片變成一片油海

At times we crave salty food.

It derives from a basic need

to maintain the correct salt balance in our bodies.

In microscopic detail

the crisp becomes a sea of oil.

中間的是一顆鹽粒

鹽從洋芋片上落到舌頭的表面,才能嚐出味道

回到顯微鏡下,我們看到舌頭上白色的突起物

Lying there in the centre

is a single grain of salt.

The salt passes from the crisp

to the surface of the tongue to be tasted.

Move into microscopic detail again

and we see pale bumps on the surface of the tongue,

它們不是味蕾,而是舌乳頭

就是在舌頭表面膜上的細小褶皺

它們分佈的情況在每個人身上都不一樣

but these are not the taste buds,

they are papillae,

tiny folds in the membrane of the tongue,

the pattern they form is unique to every human being.

在這個舌乳頭的旁邊是一顆洋芋片上的鹽結晶

但是舌頭還嚐不到鹽的味道

鹽粒要先在唾液中溶解這樣它們才可以到達味蕾

Lying near one of those papillae

is a crystal of salt from the crisp.

But the salt hasn't been tasted yet.

First it must be dissolved in saliva

so that it can reach the taste buds.

我們把一個舌乳頭放大500倍

往邊緣看,就會看到一個在舌乳頭的邊緣

可以看到一個深溝

這是我們能看到最接近味蕾的地方了

味蕾深藏在舌乳頭旁的縫隙中

Now magnified 500 times,

we travel towards a single papilla.

At its edge we begin to make out a deep gully.

This is as near as we can get

to the actual taste buds.

The buds themselves lie hidden deep

within the crevices that surround the papillae.

溶解了的鹽要先流進這些裂縫裡

舌頭才能感覺到鹽的味道

It's into these crevices

that the dissolved salt needs to flow

before the salty taste is experienced.

“恐貓症”

"The Fear of Cats"

貓科動物在我們的想像中漫步

牠們擁有殺手的天性

柔軟的身體,有力的爪子

銳利的牙齒和看穿一切的眼睛

令我們感到恐懼

Cats stalk our imagination

Their killer instincts,

sinuous bodies, powerful claws,

sharp teeth and piercing eyes, terrify us.

從兇猛的食人虎…到鄰居家的貓

皆可隨伺在側,襲擊我們

貓總是與死亡,邪靈還有巫婆相提並論

據說巫婆會偽裝成貓

人們深信貓是魔鬼的使者於是加以拷打迫害

Ferocious man-eating tiger,

or neighbourhood cat,

they can haunt and hunt us.

Cats are associated with death, evil, and witches

who were believed to disguise themselves as cats.

Branded as agents of the Devil, they were persecuted and tortured.

據說貓有超自然的力量可以預知即將到來的災難

一些人仍然相信貓尤其是黑貓會帶來噩運

我說起來, 起來!

貓科動物是完美的掠食者

是輕巧的跑者是秘密伏擊的獵人

還帶有天生的殺戮渴望

The cat is said to be psychic,

with foreknowledge of impending disasters.

Some people still believe cats, especially black ones, bring bad luck.

Get up, I said,

GET UP!

Cats are the perfect predator

sleek runners, and stealthy ambush hunters, with an inborn urge to kill.

即使經過馴養,貓仍然沒有拋棄掉任何的獵殺本性

牠們是連續殺人犯毀滅了許多原生的動物族群

在澳洲,貓科動物有條宵禁:不准在晚上打獵

雖然多數野生貓科會避開人類但也有些確實會殺人

獅子和老虎經常吃人每年都取走數千條人命

Even with domestication,

cats have lost none of their predatory instincts

They are serial killers,

devastating the populations of many native animals

In Australia,

a Cat curfew prevents them hunting at night!

Although most wild cats avoid human beings,

some do kill people

The lion and the tiger are regular man-eaters,

killing thousands of people every year.

孟加拉紅木林中的工人用獨門方法避免被從背後偷襲

然而,人類卻也成為對貓科動物最大的威脅

牠們被濫捕,棲地更遭破壞

Workers in the mangrove forests of Bangladesh,

have a unique way of preventing an attack from behind.

People, however, pose the biggest threat to cats

through hunting and habitat destruction.

最早的貓科動物五億年前出現遠比人類現身的時間為早

貓科動物吃苦耐勞,彈性良好可以在世界各地各種棲地生存

The first cats evolved 500 million years ago

long before humans walked the earth.

Cats are hardy and resilient animals,

capable of surviving in a range of habitats around the world.

貓在四,五千年前被馴化

從此伴隨著人類到達地球的每個角落

在我們小鎮和城市的家裏

The cat was first domesticated 4 to 5,000 years ago.

Since then cats have accompanied people

to every corner of the globe,

at home in our towns and cities.

我們與貓關係久遠,舉世可見

在埃及,貓被神化了牠代表神母巴斯特

牠在埃及受到至高禮遇

如同法老般被製成木乃伊下葬

Our relationship with cats is ancient and universal.

In Egypt, the cat was sacred,

and represented the mother goddess Bastet.

Cats were so highly honoured,

they were mummified and buried like the pharaohs.

在泰國貓在皇宮和廟宇中享有特權

日本的僧侶將貓奉為仁慈女神的化身

各地的貓都喚起了人類強烈的情緒和熱烈的迷戀

雖然我們企圖支配,控制貓咪

但牠們捕獵的本性依然存在讓我們對貓心生一股恐懼

…恐貓症

In Thailand cats have special privileges

in royal households and temples.

Buddist monks in Japan worship cats

as an incarnation of the Goddess of Mercy.

Cats everywhere evoke powerful emotions in humans,

and an intense fascination.

Although we have tried to dominate and control them,

their predatory instincts persist,

playing to our fear of cats

AILUROPHOBIA

"吻"

"Kiss"

在這個充滿性指示的複雜世界裡

我們的嘴唇是最誘人的特徵

當我們的性慾被勾起時我們的嘴唇會漲大

還會充血及變紅

In the complex world of sexual signals

our lips are one of our most eloquent features.

When we become aroused, our lips swell,

they become engorged with blood and redden.

在我們的潛意識中豐滿的紅嘴唇是性慾的象徵

當我們的嘴唇漲大時它們也變得更加敏感

普遍來說,雖然男人的嘴唇比女人的小，卻同樣敏感

Subconsciously we read full red lips as a sign of arousal.

As our lips swell they also become more sensitive.

The man's lips though generally smaller than the females,

are no less sensitive.

嘴唇由一圈肌肉所環繞是我們體腔的守護者

上唇有3千個觸覺感應器比我們的指尖還要敏感

Surrounded by a ring of muscles,

our lips are the guardians to the body cavity.

Containing 3000 touch receptors,

the upper lip is more sensitive than our fingertips.

由於嘴唇極為敏感

我們在嬰兒哺乳期時就是用它來探索世界

在性指示的遊戲中紅色的口紅模仿了興奮的狀態

It's through the sensitivity of our lips

that we first explore the world

in our oral stage as infants.

In the game of sexual signalling,

red lipstick mimics the state of sexual arousal.

女性的嘴唇被一層口紅的蠟覆蓋著

由於我們的嘴唇沒有汗腺口紅可以滋潤和保護它們

但同時蠟又跟膠水一樣

在觀察它的表面後就能找到黏性的證據

Female lips, covered by a waxy coating of lipstick.

As our lips have no sweat glands,

lipstick helps to moisten and protect them.

But the wax also acts as a glue;

as we move across the surface

we see evidence of its adhesive qualities

這邊有一小片爆米花

放大1千倍後

我們看到嘴唇漂亮的細胞結構

在充滿性指示的複雜世界裡很容易便會發生誤會

找尋配偶的過程就像踩地雷

一搞錯指示,就會全盤皆輸

a tiny piece of popcorn.

Magnified a thousand times

we see its beautiful cellular structure.

In the complex world of sexual signals

it's easy to make mistakes.

The mating game is a mine field,

misread the signals,

and it's a game you might just loose.

“昆蟲恐懼症”

"The Fear of Insects"

在我們的想像裡昆蟲比實際上更龐大

是因為牠們怪異的特徵嗎

還是由於牠們惡名昭彰是可惡,討厭的害蟲

或者是因為牠們叮咬的惡能使牠們在各地都飽受憎惡,害怕

自古昆蟲即是神話迷信的題材

紅毛竊蠹不祥的擊木聲是死亡的先兆

In our imagination, insects appear larger than life.

Is it their alien features?

their reputation as loathsome and despicable pests?

or their ability to bite and sting

that makes them universally hated and feared.

Insects have long been the source of myth and superstition.

The sinister drum of a Death watch beetle was an omen of impending doom.

如果骷髏天蛾在晚上飛入窗內人們相信牠會殺人

這種令人恐懼的蛾背上生有骷髏頭和交叉腿骨的圖案

If a Death's Head Hawk moth flew through an open window at night,

people believed it might kill them.

This dreaded moth bares the pattern of the skull and crossbones

on its back.

蝴蝶和蛾都與死亡有關代表死者的靈魂正離開軀殼

我們的恐懼有多麼不切實際呢

雖然這隻小臭蟲夜裡會偷吸血

但是其實對我們傷害不大

Butterflies and moths were also associated with death,

representing the soul of the dead as it leaves the body.

How unrealistic are our fears?

Although this little bed bug sucks our blood at night,

it causes little real harm.

身為食物污染源及疾病的媒介

普通的家蠅每年造成一百多萬人死亡

每10秒世上就有一人死於瘧疾病媒是蚊子

南美軍蟻排成大隊前進把路上碰到的東西通通殲滅

牠們甚至殺過人

A contaminator of food, and transmitter of disease,

the Common housefly causes over a million deaths a year.

Every ten seconds,

one person in the world dies of malaria, spread by mosquitoes.

South American Army ants swarm in their thousands,

annihilating everything in their path,

they have even killed humans.

每年有數千人死於蜜蜂和黃蜂的毒針

特別是那些對蜂毒過敏的人

被牠們叮可能很疼但通常危險不大

動物中將近百分之九十是昆蟲可說是地球上最成功的生物

在很多地方牠們的數量之大,已成災害

大群的蝗蟲可以毀壞農田,造成饑荒

Thousands of people die from bee and wasp stings every year

particularly those allergic to the venom.

Their stings can be painful, but most are not very dangerous.

Nearly ninety percent of all animals

are insects, making them by far the most successful organisms on Earth

In many places they have reached plague proportions,

swarms of locusts can destroy crops, and cause famine.

昆蟲數以億計地入侵人類城市在我們創造的環境中興旺發展

我們製造了致命的化學藥劑來殺死昆蟲

但是牠們的抵抗力愈來愈強

Insects are invading our cities, in their billions.

Thriving on the conditions we have created.

We have manufactured deadly chemicals to exterminate them,

but the insects are becoming more resistant.

在其他文化中昆蟲受到尊重和敬仰

耆那教徒赤身行走

將令人悚然的蟲子輕拂在旁以昭顯他們不願殺生的信仰

In other cultures, insects are respected and revered.

Jain monks wander naked, sweeping aside any creepy crawlies,

to demonstrate a faith that forbids harming living creatures.

對古代埃及人而言聖甲蟲代表他們的太陽神-拉

祂推動太陽穿越天際使萬物重生

有種昆蟲從人類歷史開始前就受到讚美和眷養

…那就是蜜蜂

蜂蜜是眾神賜下的禮物

To the ancient Egyptians,

the scarab beetle represented their sun god, Ra,

who rolled the sun across the sky and renewed life.

One insect that humans have admired,

and cultivated since before the dawn of history

is the honeybee.

Sweet honey was a gift from the gods.

蠶在我們的社會也非常重要牠們的繭可以紡成絲

在世界上很多地方昆蟲是很好的食物

水蟲…

蟋蟀…

蠐螬和蠕蟲都是美味佳餚富含蛋白質

Silkworms are also important in our society.

Their cocoons are spun and woven into silk.

In many parts of the world, insects are highly valued as food

waterbugs,

crickets,

grubs and worms make a delicious delicacy,

full of protein.

昆蟲對地球上的生命非常重要

沒有牠們,我們就不可能生存

牠們已侵入地球的每個角落包括我們想像的最深處

使我們對昆蟲產生恐懼

…昆蟲恐懼症

Insects are vital to life on earth.

Without them, we could not exist.

They have invaded every corner of our globe,

including the depths of our imagination,

playing to our fear of insects

ENTOMOPHOBIA

“蜘蛛恐懼症”

"The Fear of Spiders"

蜘蛛恐懼症可以影響任何人

你自己必能察覺是否患有此症

因為它會完全打亂你的生活

看到蜘蛛會讓你心跳加速你會出汗,顫抖

牠們那小珠子般的眼睛看透了你的靈魂

牠們的八條長腿和掠食動作

喚醒了某些原始的恐懼和厭惡

Arachnophobia can affect anybody.

If you suffer from it you'll know it

It can totally disrupt your life

the sight of a spider makes your heart beat uncontrollably

you sweat and tremble

their multiple beady eyes penetrate your soul

their eight long legs, and predatory movements

awaken some primitive innate horror and repulsion.

蜘蛛恐懼症是深藏在人類內心的一種恐懼

歷史上一度把蜘蛛與邪惡,疾病,瘟疫

和群眾歇斯底里的插曲等聯想在一起

基督教也從蜘蛛聯想到魔鬼

設下圈套,引誘罪人

蜘蛛被人憎恨和恐懼的程度已經超越牠們製造傷害的能力

雖然很多蜘蛛是有毒的

但在已知的4萬種蜘蛛中只有30種會危及人類的生命

Arachnophobia is a terror that lies deep in human psyche

and spiders have historically been associated with evil,

disease, plagues, and episodes of mass hysteria.

Christianity connected the spider with the devil

ensnaring sinners.

Spiders are feared & hated beyond their power to do harm

Although most are venomous,

only 30 of the 40,000 known varieties endanger human life.

大多數蜘蛛是獨來獨往的殺手

牠們利用毒液將獵物毒死

然後將其溶化成液體最後把牠吸乾

但是這些跳蛛是群體獵人

牠們用數量來彌補體型上的不足

合力伏擊,殺死獵物

有些狼蛛體型很大腿展開後足足有一個餐盤寬

但是大並不就代表惡毒

Most spiders are solitary killers

that attack their prey with a poisonous bite,

then liquefy its body, and suck out the contents.

But these jumping spiders are communal hunters

making up in numbers for what they lack in size.

Together they ambush and kill their prey.

Some tarantulas are so big their legs can span a dinner plate,

but big doesn't mean bad.

該讓人擔心的是這隻黑寡婦蜘蛛

牠的毒液比響尾蛇的毒液還厲害15倍.

蜘蛛是一種古老的生物已經存活了幾億年

比人類歷史還悠久

This black widow spider is the one to worry about,

with venom fifteen times more potent than a rattlesnake's.

Spiders are ancient creatures

that have existed for hundreds of millions of years

long before humans.

牠們的繁衍力十分驚人身影處處可見

在樹上

在地下

在水上

甚至在水下

但也有很多喜歡潛入我們家裏

讓患有蜘蛛恐懼症的人寢食難安

They are so successful they can be found everywhere

in the trees

underground

on water

and even underwater

but many prefer to penetrate our homes

to the horror of arachnophobes.

所有蜘蛛都會運用蜘蛛絲不論是何種方式

同樣重量的蜘蛛網強度超越鋼鐵…

比橡膠更有彈性甚至比防彈衣還堅韌

透過模仿蜘蛛的自然行為科學家成功地製造了人造絲

這些人造絲被廣泛應用於

外科手術,太空科技…以及製造新布料等方面

All spiders use silk in one way or another

Weight for weight spider webs are stronger than steel,

more elastic than rubber and tougher than bulletproof vests.

By copying what spiders do naturally,

scientists have succeeded in producing synthetic silk

which is being used in surgery, space technology,

and the manufacture of new fabrics.

對蜘蛛的恐懼可能是得自遺傳

或因制約反應…或是創傷經驗而引發的

但是我們的恐懼症是可以治癒的

教育,熟悉,以及更深入的了解

可以幫助我們克服對蜘蛛的非理性恐懼

蜘蛛恐懼症

The fear of spiders can be inherited,

develop through conditioning or traumatic experience.

But our fears can be cured

Education, familiarisation, and a better understanding

can help us overcome our irrational fear of spiders

ARACHNOPHOBIA

"薩米人"

"The Saami"

薩米人或拉普蘭人來自北歐

傳統而言，他們屬於遊牧民族

終年跟隨鹿群四處遷徙

而現在他們大多居住在小鎮上

但每年仍會舉行圍捕馴鹿的活動

The Saami,or Laplanders come from Northern Scandinavia.

Traditionally they were nomads.

following the wandering reindeer herds.

Now most live in towns

but still join in the annual roundups.

薩米人的文化與其他北歐人迥然不同

他們有色彩鮮豔的民族服飾

以及古老的生活傳統

他們的腳步遍佈挪威瑞典,芬蘭和俄羅斯各國

在遠古時代薩米人每年都會跟隨鹿群遷徙

With colourful costumes and ancient traditions,

they are distinct culture from other Scandinavians

and roam across Norway, Sweden,Finland and Russia.

In the distance past the Saami just followed the reindeer

herd on their yearly migrations.

幾千年來

他們與鹿群的關係變得愈來愈密切

儘管今天鹿群仍然保留著幾分野性

鹿群是容易受攻擊的動物

許多肉食動物

例如熊,狼還有山貓都以牠們為食

Over thousands of years

the relationship became more intimate although to this day

the reindeer remain semi-wild.

They're vulnerable and have many natural predators:

bears,

wolves.

lynx.

薩米人是鹿群的守護神

無論冬夏，在放牧的過程中

他們都會救起落伍的馴鹿

他們甚至會幫助鹿群渡過像河流這樣的天然屏障

The Saami protect the herds

and pick up stragglers as they herd

them in winter and in summer.

They even help them cross natural barriers like rivers.

漸漸的這些馴鹿被飼養

人們在小馴鹿的耳朵上做上標記

以區別那是誰家的財產

儘管現在的薩米人

不再依賴馴鹿作為食物和衣物的來源

Finally the reindeer are coralled

and the calves' ears

are marked to show whose family they belong to.

This tradition is kept alive

even though the Saami no longer rely on the reindeer

for meat and clothing.

但這項傳統仍被完好地保留了下來

沒有馴鹿，薩米人就不會成為真正的薩米人

他們的生活方式、信仰和歷史

都與這些馴鹿息息相關

幾千年來薩米人和他們的馴鹿

都在北歐各國自由地漫遊

The Saami would not be the Saami without their reindeer.

Their lifestyle,

beliefs and history are all tied up with these Arctic deer.

For thousands of years the Saami

and their reindeer have roamed freely

across the countries of Northern Scandinavia.

馴鹿是載重用的工具也是食物

牠們的皮革還可以製成衣物和修建庇護處

但這樣的生活方式如今卻受到了威脅

Reindeer were used as beass of burden,

for food and their hides used for clothing

and to build shelters.

But this way of life is now under threat.

林業公司用籬笆阻隔了他們傳統的遊牧路線

不讓他們通過

薩米人就無法再自由地帶著他們的馴鹿四處遊蕩了

薩米人在每年的復活節

都會舉辦一年一度的馴鹿運動會

Their freedom to roam with their herds is being threatened

as forestry companies fence off their traditional routes

and refuse them access.

Each Easter the Saami hold the annual reindeer games.

這是薩米人世界裡的全國大馬賽

環法自由車賽和世界杯足球賽

為了安全著想人們會先把馴鹿的角去掉

然而這樣的比賽

卻肯定還是不適合那些膽小的人參加

This is the Grand National,

Tour de France and World Cup of the Saami world.

For safety the reindeer have their antlers removed

but its still definitely not a sport

for the faint hearted!

在薩米人裡，流傳著薩滿教過去的傳說故事

那些遊唱的詩人和講故事者都具有神奇的魔力

人們相信當他們四處旅行的時候

他們可以坐著馴鹿雪橇在天空飛行

他們是信使

把消息和禮物帶到各個散居的遊牧群裡

The Saami tell the story of the Shaman of the past.

These bards and storytellers had mystical powers.

When they travelled it was believed

they could even make their reindeer sleds fly.

They carried news

and presents between the scattered nomadic groups.

如果地上的積雪太厚

他們就不得不從煙囪鑽進薩米人的屋子裡

難怪現在的小孩依然相信

聖誕老人就是來自北歐的拉普蘭

And when the snow was too deep,

they had to enter the shelters through the chimney.

No wonder children

still believe that Santa Claus comes from Lapland.

"原住民"

"The Aborigines"

原住民一詞的意思

是指一開始就居住在那裏的人

澳大利亞的原住民

從史前時代開始就居住在這個島嶼上

他們是獵人也是採集者

The word Ab-origine

Literally means from the beginning

And the Aborigines of Australia have lived as hunter

gatherers on this island continent

since pre-historic times.

當歐洲人到來的時候

這裏已繁衍了約75萬的澳洲原住民

他們屬於許多不同的部落

用著多種獨特的語言

如今只剩下25萬人了

約佔澳大利亞總人口的2%左右

When Europeans arrived

there were around three- quarters

of a million Aborigines living in many different tribal

with numerous unique languages.

Now a quarter of a million,

some two percent of the Australian population remain.

他們大多生活在這國家內地的北部和西部

原住民的祖先在5萬年前

跨越了當時的陸地橋

從東南亞來到此地

They mostly live in the outback north and west of the

The ancestors of the Aborigines

arrived around fifty thousand years ago

across a land bridge from South East Asia.

英國人在登上這片島嶼的兩百年前

即宣布澳大利亞為無主土地

意思就是沒有人煙的地方

可以隨意讓他們作為殖民地的地方

在開拓者到來之後

原住民的語言和生活習慣隨之被禁止

When the British arrived just two years ago

they declared Australia

"erra Nullius" - a no-man land free for them to colonise.

Aboriginal languages and practices were banned.

教會學校相繼建立起來

許多被認為是擁有混合血統的小孩

被帶離了他們的父母

這些慣例一直持續到20世紀60年代

直到1992年

無主土地的概念才最終被完全推翻

原住民對其土地的權利得到了認可

Mission schools were set up

and many children thought to be of mixed race

were removed from their parents.

This practice carried on as recently as the 1960s.

The concept of Terra Nullius

was finally overturned in 1992,

And native title land rights recognised.

然而許多原住民的生活依舊貧困

失業和酗酒的現象十分普遍

現在有些原住民開始選擇離開澳大利亞的城市

回到部落的土地去

回到他們所熱愛和了解的生活中

However,

many Aborigines families still live in poverty,

unemployment and alcolholism is rife.

Some now choose to leave urban Australia

and return to tribal lands to live the life

they love and understand.

當原住民發現一隻無刺的蜜蜂時

他們會在這隻蜜蜂上綁上一根細線

跟隨牠回到蜂房

然後就可以享受美味的蜂蜜

當他們在捕獲駝鳥之後

會食用這種大鳥的肉

而牠的筋骨則會被保留下來

以製作更多打獵用的長矛

When Aborigines find a stingless bee

they attach a thread to it,

so they can follow it back to the hive

and enjoy the honey!

After hunting an emu for meat

even the sinew is saved -

and used to make more hunting spears.

在沿海的水域可以找到黃貂魚

在低窪地帶可以找到長脖子的烏龜

在連殼蒸熟之後這些烏龜就成了原住民的美食

如果要在北方的沼澤裏尋找水中巨蟒

則需要特殊的知識和技能了

In coastal waters, stingrays may be found,

in billabongs long necked turtles

are steam-cooked in their shells.

Special knowledge is needed to find

and kill water pythons in the northern swamps.

在乾旱的沙漠

原住民懂得如何去尋找隱藏的水源

在食用山芋之前

他們會先挖掘一些無花果的樹根

用它們編織成網袋

然後把山芋放進去浸濕以除去毒素

到第二天早上

這些山芋就可以成為可口的早餐了

In the arid deserts

the Aborigines have learnt where to find hidden water.

Before yams can be eatendilly bag

has to be fashioned from the roots of the strangler fig tree.

Then the yams can be soaked to remove the toxins

They are ready for eating come breakfast time.

紅樹上的蠕蟲被捕獲後

就可以立即被吃掉

雖然在西方人看來

這些蟲子的外形酷似著名的木蠹蛾幼蟲

後者是一種生活在樹木根部的肥大的毛毛蟲幼蟲

但孩子們喜歡這些蟲子!

而密糖蟻就是他們的甜品!

Mangrove worms can be eaten as soon as they are found,

although to Western eyes they look about as appealing

as the famous witchetty grubs,

fat moth caterpillars found in roots.

But children love them!

For dessert - sweet honey pot ants!

在原住民的認知裏

宇宙初開之時是一無所有的

隨後有了歌聲世界就是在歌聲中誕生的

在這個夢幻的時分

各種生物在地球上漫遊

逐漸將這片家園塑造成形

According to Aboriginl lore -

in the beginning there was nothing,

then came song and the world was sung into being.

During this dream time,

creatures roamed the earth and shaped it.

巨蜥產下的蛋變成了巨大的圓石

五彩繽紛的巨蟒在地面慢慢滑過

創造出一條條蜿蜒的河流

這些象徵性的畫像

將這夢幻時分的情景保留到現在

The perentie lizard laid its eggs

and they became boulders.

The rainbow pythons,

slithered along and made a meandering river.

Vibrant, symbolic art keeps the dreamtime live today.

精心譜寫的歌詞被儲存在部落長者的腦海裏

這些歌曲講述著有關這個國家的故事

當人們身處荒野的時候這些歌曲可以為他們指引

整個景色都充滿著詩意

許多地方都具有神聖的意義

Elaborate 'onglines' are memorised by the Elders;

these songs tell stories which describe the country,

allowing for navigation in this apparent wilderness.

And so the whole landscape is full of meaning

and many places are sacred.

部落長者還要負責教導小孩

以及傳承原住民的法律

如今有些原住民已改信基督教

“相信大地之上有天堂”

但是許多人仍致力於古老信仰的復興當中

The elders are also responsible for teaching

the childen and passing on Aboriginal law.

Nowadays some are converted to Christianity.

'the heavens are as high above the earth...'

But many now revive ancient beliefs.

在這些部落集會或所謂的大型集會上

人們依舊講述著古老的故事

慶賀著權利的獲得來之不易

而長者們也可以按照古老的方式

自由地教導小孩

教他們保有部落的傳統

保有他們與充滿生機的土地緊緊相連的傳統

During these gatherings or CORROBOREE'

stories are told and rights of passage celebrated.

Once again the elders are free to teach the children

the ancient ways and keep their and bond with the land alive.

"努巴族"

"The Nubans"

這是一個包容萬千的種族

這只是百萬努巴族人中的一部分

雖然努巴人的語言多達50多種

但他們卻有很多彼此共通的地方

比如說對運動型競賽的熱衷v

It takes all sorts to make up a tribe

And these are some of the million people of Nuba.

With more than 50 spoken languages

they do have much in common

such as a love for athletic contests.

在一個信奉有節制的武力的社會

這樣的競賽自有它存在的價值

這些競賽運動將北部文化和南部文化的人們團結起來

這種賽事遍佈了蘇丹南部大大小小的山脈

但傳承了數百年的傳統注定是要改變的

A society where ritualised controlled violence has a role.

And past-times unite a people on the dividing line between

Northern and Southern cultures,

spread over the hills of southern Sudan.

Traditions hundreds of years old

are bound to change.

長久以來

這些農夫都是為世人所忽視

但隨著現代社會的生存壓力不斷遞增

努巴族的人們被迫要進行一系列徹底的改變

For generations these peasant farmers were ignored.

But increasing pressures of

modern states are forcing a radical

transformation on the Nuba people.

這個族群文化特色鮮明

官方對他們許多的傳統表示不滿

其中就包括了他們對服飾的漠視

A distinctive culture

in a state where officialdom frowned

on their many traditions...

including their disregard for clothes.

一場文化上的衝突不可避免地發生

一次歷史上的偶然事故最後演變成一場政治分裂

使蘇丹人民自1960年代來便一直沉淪在內戰中

他們不得不選擇一方作為自己的立場

這些運動勇士如今卻要進入到真正的戰爭中

Inevitably,

there would be a culture clash

and placed by accident of history into a political

divide that has seen Sudan in conflict since the 1960s,

they found themselves forced to take sides in civil war.

These sporting warriors

are now caught up in a war for real.

但生活並非總是如此

在乾旱的季節裏鄉村生活是相當寧靜的

老人們坐在一起聊天

婦女們則負責料理家務

而這些小男孩他們可真是可愛

他們將各種顏色的油彩混合

作為日常生活中的裝扮

But it was not always so.

In the dry season village life is quiet life.

The old men gossip ...

The women...they do the work

And the boys,

well they are just pretty.

Colours are mixed and applied daily but to guide lines.

擁有農田

以及在競賽中勝出的的男人

他們將自己塗上大塊大塊的色彩

而年紀較輕,正為他們未來親家工作的男性

他們身上穿戴的顏色會相對簡單

無論如何追求美感都是一件很重要的事情

Men with their own farms and who prove themselves

in competition paint themselves in a wide range,

while the younger men who work for their future

in-laws wear simpler colours.

Either way,

looking good is the important thing.

和男人們一樣

努巴族女人也有自己的色彩安排

棕色,赭色或者紅色

這些顏色代表了她們的家族

她們展示這些色彩

並不單是為了裝扮自己

女人利用跳舞來吸引男人

當村子裏的女人翩翩起舞炫耀自己的時候

Like the men,

the women have their own colour scheme Brown,

ochre,

or red,

their colours represent the family clan.

But this show is more than cosmetic.

The women move to impress the men

who've dressed for success.

男人們則唱起自己的頌歌

來為她們打拍子

無論男人結婚與否

女人們都可以主動引誘自己中意的人

The men's personal songs

are the background beat to a dance

where the women of the village show off.

Whether the man is married or not,

the women can provocatively lure

their own personal favourites.

男人的身份地位是通過頌曲來衡量的

努巴族人會根據

男人在運動競賽中的表現為他譜寫頌歌

他將擁有一首以他為主題的歌曲

The men's status is measured by a song

a praise-song,

their own personal theme tune earned through sporting

Infused with magic dispensed by the elders,

the men yell their challenges as they face off against

neighbouring villagers.

年長者負責用魔法感召自己的族人

在與鄰村競賽的時候

他們會為代表自己宗族出戰的勇士加油助威

年長者通過深奧晦澀的遊戲規則

來控制競賽的方式

這些規則包括

親戚間無論關係多麼疏遠都不能互相爭鬥

The elders control the competition

through obscure knowledge about the rules of the game.

For instance relations,

no matter how distant

cannot fight each other.

在衡量對方之後競賽開始了

然而比賽的勝負並不重要

參賽者的表現決定了他能否得到一首好的頌歌

一首偉大的頌歌是他一生地位建立的基礎

After tentative stand-offs,

heavy copper bracelets swing into action.

Winning though,

is not important.

It is the performance of the player

that will ensure a good song.

A great song will set him up for life.